Ref

Builds a Ref value for data types that are Sync

This builder uses the Partially-Applied Type technique.

 Ref[IO].of(10) <-> Ref.of[IO, Int](10)

Creates a Ref starting with the value of the one in source.

Updates of either of the Refs will not have an effect on the other (assuming A is immutable).

Builds a Ref value for data types that are Sync Like of but initializes state using another effect constructor

Creates an instance focused on a component of another Ref's value. Delegates every get and modification to underlying Ref, so both instances are always in sync.

Example:

 case class Foo(bar: String, baz: Int)

 val refA: Ref[IO, Foo] = ???
 val refB: Ref[IO, String] =
   Ref.lens[IO, Foo, String](refA)(_.bar, (foo: Foo) => (bar: String) => foo.copy(bar = bar))

Creates a thread-safe, concurrent mutable reference initialized to the supplied value.

 import cats.effect.IO
 import cats.effect.kernel.Ref

 for {
   intRef <- Ref.of[IO, Int](10)
   ten <- intRef.get
 } yield ten

Creates a Ref starting with the result of the effect fa.

Like apply but returns the newly allocated ref directly instead of wrapping it in F.delay. This method is considered unsafe because it is not referentially transparent -- it allocates mutable state.

This method uses the Partially Applied Type Params technique, so only effect type needs to be specified explicitly.

Some care must be taken to preserve referential transparency:

 import cats.effect.IO
 import cats.effect.kernel.Ref

 class Counter private () {
   private val count = Ref.unsafe[IO, Int](0)

   def increment: IO[Unit] = count.update(_ + 1)
   def total: IO[Int] = count.get
 }

 object Counter {
   def apply(): IO[Counter] = IO(new Counter)
 }

Such usage is safe, as long as the class constructor is not accessible and the public one suspends creation in IO

The recommended alternative is accepting a Ref[F, A] as a parameter:

 class Counter (count: Ref[IO, Int]) {
   // same body
 }

 object Counter {
   def apply(): IO[Counter] = Ref[IO](0).map(new Counter(_))
 }